British fears of Russian expansion and its own desire to extend influence over the rugged country beyond the Kyhber pass cause almost continuous fighting along India's north-west frontier in the late 19th century. No affront to British pride made by the Afghan government or the warlike Pathan tribes is too small to be countered by a punitive expedition, with large campaigns then necessitated by the humiliating defeats suffered at the hands of the skillful hill tribesmen. (It is not the last time great powers are held at bay by these wily warriors.)